It became chiefly celebrated for the literary achievements of its members, amongst whom it counted Mabillon, Montfaucon, d'Achery, Martene, and many others equally famous for their erudition and industry. In 1505 the Abbey of Lérins in Provence together with all its dependent houses joined it. (2) Civilizing Influence of the Order.—Christianity and civilization go hand in hand, and hence we naturally look to North-western Europe for the effects of the civilizing influences exerted by the Benedictine missionaries. Seeing no hope of a return to Spain they had volunteered for foreign mission work and were sent to Australia in 1846. Juan de Castaniza (Spain), d. 1599; a monk of St. Saviour's, Onna. A number of Bavarians had emigrated to America, and it was suggested that their spiritual wants in the new country should be attended to by Bavarian priests. 956, d. 1026; founder of the Camaldolese congregation (1009). Michel Germain, b. Dom Serra became coadjutor to the Bishop of Perth in 1848, and Dom Salvado was made Bishop of Port Victoria in 1849, though he still remained superior of New Norcia, which was made an abbey in 1867 with a diocese attached. The influence exercised by the Order of St. Benedict has manifested itself chiefly in three directions: (1) the conversion of the Teutonic races and other missionary works; (2) the civilization of northwestern Europe; (3) educational work and the cultivation of literature and the arts, the forming of libraries, etc. (10) The Congregation of St.-Maur.—The French monasteries which had embraced the reform of St.-Vannes were in 1621 formed into a separate congregation named after St. Maur, the disciple of St. Benedict, which eventually numbered on hundred and eighty houses, i.e. The last few centuries, however, have witnessed a widespread revival of the Benedictine life for women as well as for men. A system which comprised many hundreds of monasteries and many thousands of monks, spread over a number of different countries, without any unity of organization; which was exposed, moreover, to all the dangers and disturbances inseparable from those troublous times of kingdom-making; such a system was inevitably unable to keep worldliness, and even worse vices, wholly out of its midst. Robot, 1882; Thompson, Life of P. Muard (London, 1886; de Broglie, Mabillon (Paris, 1888); Id., Montfaucon (Paris, 1891); Houtin, Dom Couturier (Angers, 1899); Van Galoen, Dom Maur Wolter et les origines de la cong. It seems certain, however, that many of them were originally communities of Benedictine nuns, which, for one reason or another, renounced their solemn vows and assumed the state of canonesses, whilst still observing some form of the Benedictine Rule. (2) The Cassinese Congregation.—To prevent confusion it is necessary to pint out that there are two congregations of this name. In order that its members might be exempt from the external mission work with which the English Benedictines are specially charged, the monastery was, in 1883, separated from the English congregation by the Holy See, and in 1888 was made an independent abbey, directly subject to the pope. It became a priory in 1880 and in 1896 an abbey. The Benedictine Order comprises monks living under the Rule of St. Benedict, and commonly known as "black monks". The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. Some were even semi-eremitical in their constitution, and one — Fontevrault — consisted of double monasteries, the religious of both sexes being under the rule of the abbess. The Celestines were a Roman Catholic monastic order, a branch of the Benedictines, founded in 1244. In some of the Spanish orders, permission to marry was granted in the seventeenth century. Answer Save. Even when the bishop was not himself a monk, he held the place of titular abbot, and the community formed his chapter. (d) The French Province, perhaps the most numerous and flourishing in the congregation, dates from 1859. The Olivetans (1319) marked the furthest point of development by instituting an abbot-general with jurisdiction over all the other abbots as well as their communities. Laurent Bénard (France), b. The is no such thing as a "Franciscan Order of monks." It then consisted of eighteen houses which flourished until the general suppression at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Magnoald Ziegelbauer (Germany), 1689, d. 1750; author of a literary history of the Order of St. Benedict. (See MAURISTS.). It then consisted of eighteen houses which flourished until the general suppression at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In England St. Augustine and his monks opened schools wherever they settled. There is accommodation for one hundred students, but the full number in residence at one time has not yet exceeded sixty. Remiremont became for women what Luxeuil was for men, the centre from which sprang a numerous spiritual family, and though later on it was converted into a convent of noble canonesses, instead of nuns properly so called, a modified form of the Benedictine Rule was still observed there. The Benedictine Order in General.—Montalembert, Monks of the West (London, 1896), Eng. St. Benedict Biscop, who returned to England with Archbishop Theodore after some years abroad, presided over his school at Canterbury for two years and then, going north, transplanted the new educational system to Wearmouth and Jarrow, whence it spread to Archbishop Egbert's school at York, which was one of the most famous in England in the eighth century. Beginning with St. Augustine's arrival in England in 597, the missionary work of the order can be easily traced. Other important Anglo-Saxon convents were: Ely, founded by St. Etheldreda in 673, Barking (675), Wimborne (713), Wilton (800), Ramsey, Hants (967), and Amesbury (980). 1425,347 St. William of Hirschau (Germany), c. 1090; author of "Constitutions of Hirschau". Ten of the old convents have since been restored, and eleven new ones founded. The names are classified according to the particular sphere of work in which they are most celebrated, but although many of them might therefore have a just claim to be included in more than one of the different classes, when the same individual was distinguished in several different departments of work, from considerations of space and for the avoidance of unnecessary repetition, his name has been inserted only under one head. The Valladolid congregation had St. Benedict's, Valladolid (founded 1390), for its mother-house, and amongst its houses were St. Martin's, Compostella (ninth century); St. Benedict's, Sahagún, the largest in Spain; St. Vincent's, Salamanca, famous for its university; Our Lady's, Montserrat; and St. Domingo at Silos. In 1630 it was proposed to unite this congregation, those of Bursfeld and Bavaria, and all the houses that were still independent, into one general federation, and a meeting was held at Ratisbon to discuss the scheme. Hildebrand de Hemptinne (Belgium), b. St. Justus (Italy), d. 627; came to England (601); first Bishop of Rochester (604) and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury (624). Prosper Guéranger (France), b. Nunneries were founded in Gaul by Sts. St. Gregory the Great certainly tells us that St. Benedict's sister, Scholastica, presided over such a community of religious women who were established in a monastery situated about five miles from his Abbey of Monte Cassino; but whether that was merely an isolated instance, or whether it may be legitimately regarded as the foundation of the female department of the order, is at least an open question. Whilst the office of abbot is usually for life, that of the president is generally only for a term of years and the person holding it is not in all cases eligible for continuous re-election. 1384, d. 1440; widow; founded order of Oblates (Collatines) in 1425. Founding The Benedictines Of Mary Queen Of Apostles; Founding The Benedictines Of Mary Queen Of Apostles. They first observed the rule of the Franciscan Tertiaries, but this was soon changed for that of St. Benedict. 1654, d. 1721. In the majority of these congregations the mission are attached to certain abbeys and the monks serving them are under the almost exclusive control of their own monastic superiors; in others the monks only supply the place of the secular clergy and are, therefore, for the time being, under their respective diocesan bishops. Then there is St Ciaran, the father-figure of Clonmacnois on the Shannon, … John Lydgate (England), died c. 1450; a monk of Bury St. Edmunds; poet. I. In 1290 the cathedral-priory of Durham established for its own monks St. Cuthbert's College, which is now Trinity; and in 1362 another college, now Christ Church, was founded for the monks of Canterbury. All the congregations of more recent formation have been constituted, with slight variations, on the same plan, which represents the normal and traditional form of government in the order. Med. By 1860 a monastery had been erected and full conventual life established. BENEDICTINE ABBEYS AND PRIORIES IN THE U.S. The Brussels community is now at East Bergholt, and the Paris nuns at Colwich, whence an off-shoot has been planted at Atherstone (1842). Present condition of the order Simultaneously, the observance of these monasteries is unified, even in areas where the Rule left details to the discretion of the abbot. 801, d. 865; monk of Corbie and Apostle of Scandinavia. The remainder sought refuge in England, where in 1882 they acquired the site of the old Cistercian Abbey of Buckfast, in Devonshire. And these numbers continued to increase by reason of the additional strength which accrued to the order form its consolidation under the new system. 1809, d. 1887; founder of American Cassinese congregation (1855). The Catholic Encyclopedia. (d) Knights of Montesa, founded 1316, an offshoot from Calatrava, instituted by ten knights of that order who placed themselves under the abbot of Cîteaux instead of their own Grand Master. The Abbey of St. Gall, in particular, during the tenth century drew to its walls numerous students desirous of gaining the knowledge that was imparted there, and produced many celebrated writers. They adopted a mitigated form of St. Benedict's Rule, to which certain observances borrowed from Calatrava were added. In 1493 a monk from Montserrat accompanied Columbus on his voyage of discovery and became vicar-Apostolic of the West Indies, but his stay was short, and he returned to Spain. O. S. B., I) of the most important medieval Benedictine Libraries. I. Apostles and missionaries In dealing with these reformed congregations a distinction must be made between those which, like Cluny, continued to be considered as part of the main Benedictine body, and those which constituted practically new and independent orders, like Cîteaux, and have always been looked upon as outside the Benedictine confederation, though still professing the Rule of St. Benedict in some form or other. 879, d. 942; second Abbot of Cluny. A reform was initiated in 1558 in the Abbey of St. Thirso, monks from Spain being introduced for the purpose. Suger (France), b. The example of reform set by the congregation of St. Justina in the fifteenth century exercised an influence upon the Austrian monasteries. The law of enclosure was very strictly observed. 1811, died c. 1880; Coadjutor bishop of Perth, Australia (1848); and Rudesind Salvado (Spain), b. The system spread rapidly to all branches of the order and was imitated by almost every other religious order. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. Here they are gradually rebuilding the abbey on its original foundations. This province also includes the Abbey of New Norcia in Western Australia, founded in 1846 by two exiled monks from St. Martin's Abbey, Compostella, who after the general suppression in 1835 had found a home at La Cava in Italy. Saint-Germain-des-Prés at Paris became the mother-house, and the superior of this abbey was always the president. St. Justus (Italy), d. 627; came to England (601); first Bishop of Rochester (604) and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury (624). At Oxford, the English Benedictines, though they could not claim to be the founders, took an important part in the university life and development. The nuns were then robbed of all their possessions, but managed to preserve their corporate existence, though in great poverty and with reduced numbers. The arbitrary rule of Joseph II of Austria (1765-90) and the French Revolution and its consequences completed the work of destruction, so that in the early part of the nineteenth century, the order numbered scarcely more than fifty monasteries all told. Before their violent expulsion the monks had time to move a, for them, valuable part of the library to their cells. Nicolas Menard, b. Hence it cannot be denied that the monks often failed to live up to the monastic ideal and sometimes even fell short of the Christian and moral standards. In the ninth century the papacy starts to protect some monasteries from the interference of noblemen and local bishops. In many also, whilst the canonesses were merely seculars, that is, not under vows of religious, and therefore free to leave and marry, the abbesses retained the character and state of religious superiors, and as such were solemnly professed as Benedictine nuns. by Caxton at Westminster, and by some authorities the invention of movable types is also ascribed to the sons of St. Benedict. St. Hilda, d. 680; Abbess of Whitby. This work probably exercised a beneficial influence on all the cloister-schools of the Frankish Empire. 801, d. 865; monk of Corbie and Apostle of Scandinavia. The last seventy years, however, have witnessed a remarkable series of revivals and an accession of missionary enterprise, with the result that there are now over one hundred and fifty monasteries of black monks, or, including affiliated congregations and convents of nuns, a total of nearly seven hundred. Of the monks professed there during the three years of revived existence, Dom Sigebert Buckley alone survived at the beginning of the seventeenth century; and he, after forty years of imprisonment, when nigh unto death, in 1607, invested with the English habit and affiliated to Westminster Abbey and to the English congregation two English priests, already Benedictines of the Italian congregation. No other monasteries of the Bursfeld Union were ever restored to Benedictine use. St. Ansgar (Germany), b. Ratramnus (Germany), d. 866; a monk of Corbie, who took part in Sacramentarian controversy. The Benedictines in Alabama $34.95. This system of the union of houses and periodical chapters interfered in the least possible degree with the Benedictine tradition of mutual independence of monasteries, though the Bull "Benedictina" was intended to give some further development to it. Suitbert Baumer (Germany), b. The abbots, therefore, of the different houses were equal in rank, but each was the actual head of his own community and held his office for life. Two abbeys of this congregation, Termonde and Afflighem, have since been restored and affiliated to the Belgian province of the Cassinese P. O. congregation. Jean-Baptiste Muard (France), b. It may be divided into various provinces, according to the countries over which it is spread, each provincial head being immediately subject to the general, just as the superior of each house is subject to his own provincial. Without doubt the copying was often merely mechanical and no sign of real scholarship, and the pride taken by a monastery in the number and beauty of its manuscripts sometimes rather that of the collector than of the scholar, yet the result is the same as far as posterity is concerned. At the time of the dissolution there were in England nearly three hundred houses of black monks, and though the numbers had from one cause or another somewhat declined, the English congregation may truthfully be said to have been in a flourishing condition at the time of the attempt to suppress it in the sixteenth century. Bl. In choir, at chapter, and at certain other ceremonial times, a long full gown with large flowing sleeves, called a "cowl", is worn over the ordinary habit. The English Benedictines have large and flourishing colleges attached to each of their abbeys, and belonging to Downside are also two other smaller schools, one a "grammar school" at Ealing, London, and the other a preparatory school recently established at Enniscorthy, Ireland. St. John Gualbert (Italy), b. There is accommodation for one hundred students, but the full number in residence at one time has not yet exceeded sixty. Uniformity in the various congregations is further secured by what are called Constitutions. They settled amongst the aboriginal inhabitants at a place some seventy miles north of Perth, which they called New Norcia in honour of St. Benedict's birthplace, and there worked as pioneers of civilization and Christianity amongst the natives. In Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden, where several houses had joined the German (Bursfeld) Union, the order was entirely obliterated by the Lutherans about 1551 and its property confiscated by the crown. This was originally founded in 1687 as a college for Benedictines of the Cassinese congregation, but later on monks of other congregations were also admitted. Jerome Vaughan (England), b. The founder died in 1900, and his brother, Dom Placid Wolter, succeeded him as Archabbot of Beuron. (e) Knights of St. George of Alfama, founded in 1201; united to the Order of Montesa in 1399. In other countries attempts were made from time to time to effect a greater degree of organization, but in England there was never any further advance along the path of centralization. Adam Easton (England), d. 1397, a monk of Norwich; Cardinal (1380). The Swedish invitation, however, put an end to the plan and the only result was the formation of another small congregation of nine abbeys, with that of St. Peter's, Salzburg, at its head. Ecclesiastical approbation. (c) Muri, founded 1027; suppressed 1841; but restored at Gries (Tyrol) 1845. Suger (France), b. St. Alberic (France), d. 1109; joint-founder and second Abbot of Cîteaux. Ven. Cluny also took its share in the work and became in turn the custodian and fosterer of learning in France. The rule was drawn up by the Cistercian Abbot of Alcobaza. Francis Aidan Gasquet (England), b. The grave charges brought against the monks by Henry VIII's Visitors, though long believed in, are not now credited by serious historians. This system of the union of houses and periodical chapters interfered in the least possible degree with the Benedictine tradition of mutual independence of monasteries, though the Bull "Benedictina" was intended to give some further development to it. Camaldolese Nuns5150 Benedictines have never had … The rule was drawn up by the Cistercian Abbot of Alcobaza. Ursin Durand, b. 1865. All power was vested in a committee of "definitors", in whose hands were all appointments, from that of president down to the lowest official in the smallest monastery. The superior general and two others suffered in the massacre at the Carmes, 2 September, 1792. One of these is the Abbey of Monte Vergine, formerly the mother-house of an independent congregation, but which was aggregated to this province in 1879. O. S. B. It was in fact the establishment of a veritable order, in the common acceptance of that term, within the Benedictine family, the abbot of Cluny retaining an actual headship over all dependent houses, the latter being governed only by priors as his vicars. In 1567, a stricter life was instituted in the convent of Thomar, the principal house of the Order of Christ, under this title, where the full monastic life was observed, with a habit and vows similar to those of the Cistercians, though the monks were under the jurisdiction of the grand master of the Knights. Cistercians (Trappists) 583,637 1865. Monks had from time to time been sent from different abbeys to study there, but in 1283 a number of the chief monasteries combined in founding a joint college for their members, called St. Benedict's, or Gloucester, Hall, which is now Worcester College. all in France except those of the Cluniac congregation. 1669; d. 1734; librarian and historian of Benediktbeuern. Tr., new ed., with preface by Gasquet; Newman, Mission of St. Benedict and Benedictine Schools, in Historical Sketches (London, 1873); Gasquet, Sketch of the Life and Mission of St. Benedict (London, 1895); Maitland, The Dark Ages (London, 1845); Mabillon, Annales O. S. B. Seeing no hope of a return to Spain they had volunteered for foreign mission work and were sent to Australia in 1846. In 1828 a restoration of conventual life in a small way was attempted at Broadway in Worcestershire, which lasted until 1841. In the early 8th century, monks from England proudly proclaim that they follow only the Rule of Benedict – the first genuine „Benedictines“. Thus Brazil, which had received its first Benedictines from Portugal, became in turn the means of restoring the Benedictine life in that country. (c) Knights of Alcantara, or of San Julian del Pereyro, in Castille, founded about the same time and for the same purpose as the Knights of Calatrava. Dom Wimmer and a few companions accordingly set out in 1846, and on their arrival in America they acquired the church, a house, and some land belong to the small mission of St. Vincent, Beatty, Pennsylvania, which had been founded some time previously by a Franciscan missionary. The capitula of Aachen and the Concordia Regularis were the earliest examples of such constitutions. In Northumbria, Whitby (657) and Coldingham (673) were the chief houses of nuns. The example of reform set by the congregation of St. Justina in the fifteenth century exercised an influence upon the Austrian monasteries. The first two of these communities remained on the continent until driven to England by the French Revolution, but the third has only recently returned. 361,09290115,41017859 (g) The Knights of St. Michael's Wing, founded 1167; the name was taken in honour of the archangel whose visible assistance secured a victory against the Moors for King Alphonso I of Portugal. Most of the older universities of Europe have grown out of monastic schools. May 7, 2014 - The Coat of Arms of Munich, Germany, showing a monk, commemorating the founding of the city by Benedictines. At the time of the dissolution there were in England nearly three hundred houses of black monks, and though the numbers had from one cause or another somewhat declined, the English congregation may truthfully be said to have been in a flourishing condition at the time of the attempt to suppress it in the sixteenth century. That of Cluny was the first, and it was followed, from time to time, by others, all of which a… Even when the bishop was not himself a monk, he held the place of titular abbot, and the community formed his chapter. 1855; Abbot of Farnborough (Gallican congregation). A new emphasis on the personal needs of the individual monk also leads to the introduction of cells, replacing the dormitories in use until then. The reform was introduced mainly through the instrumentality of Dom Laurent Bénard and quickly spread through France. They desired that every house of the Order should be named in her honor and… The first of the reforms directed towards confederating the monastic houses of a single kingdom was set on foot early in the ninth century by Benedict of Aniane under the auspices of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. St. Odo or Eudes (France), b. Paschal II (Tuscany), 1099-1118; a monk of Cluny. (h) The Order of Christ, reared upon the ruins of the Templars about 1317; it became very numerous and wealthy. New foundations were made at Béthisy (1859), Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, the ancient Fleury (1865), Oklahoma, Indian Territory, U.S.A. with an Apostolic vicariate attached (1874), Belloc (1875), Kerbeneat (1888), Encalcat (1891), Nino-Dios, Argentina (1899), and Jerusalem (1901). After resisting a strong temptation against chastity, Benedict prepared to live through a new experience, following the example of the ancient Fathers of Christian Monasticism. St. Odo (England), d. 961; Archbishop of Canterbury. Churches are turned into factories, buildings are used as quarries, land and treasures or confiscated, books destroyed or sent to new national libraries. To these must be added the Order of the Humiliati, founded in the twelfth century by certain nobles of Lombardy who, having rebelled against the Emperor Henry VI, were taken captive by him into Germany. Luigi Tosti (Italy), b. Whilst there their numbers increased sufficiently to make new foundations at Erdington, England, in 1876, Prague in 1880, and Seckau, Styria, in 1883. Why in the world would anyone ever think of killing a child? . 1272, d. 1348; founder of the Olivetans (1319). In or practised side by side. In Saxony the monastery of New Corbie also possessed a famous school, which sent forth many learned missionaries to diffuse learning over Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Lanfranc (Italy), b. The fame of Reichenau also revived, and from it was founded Einsiedeln (934), which helped to carry on the traditions of the past. The meetings of the chapter are held usually every two, three, or four years and are presided over by one of the members elected to that office by the rest. The Abbey of St. Justina at Padua, which had formerly been Cluniac, was in a very corrupt and ruinous state in 1407 when Gregory XII bestowed it in commendam on the Cardinal of Bologna. (See BURSFELD.). The abbots of each province or congregation were to meet in chapter every third year, with power to pass laws binding on all, and to appoint from amongst their own number "visitors" who were to make canonical visitation of the monasteries and to report upon their condition to the ensuing chapter. Augustine Calmet (France), b. The earliest departures from this system occurred when several of the greater abbeys began sending out offshoots, under the form of daughter-houses retaining some sort of dependence upon the mother abbey from which they sprang. The first, with Monte Cassino as its chief house, was originally known as that of St. Justina of Padua, and with one exception has always been confined to Italy. The Celestines (1274) adopted a somewhat similar system of centralized authority, but differed from it in that their superior was elected triennially. Gregory XVI or Maurus Cappellari (Venice), 1831-46, a Camaldolese monk and Abbot of St. Andrew's on the Coelian Hill, Rome. At his instigation Louis built for him a monastery adjoining his own palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, which was intended to serve as a model according to which all others were to be reformed, and to bring about this end Benedict was invested with a general authority over all the monasteries of the empire. Monks had from time to time been sent from different abbeys to study there, but in 1283 a number of the chief monasteries combined in founding a joint college for their members, called St. Benedict's, or Gloucester, Hall, which is now Worcester College. 1841, d. 1896; founder of Fort Augustus Abbey (1878). Holland has three convents of modern date, and Poland one, at Warsaw, founded in 1687. A model which other congregations copy has endeavoured to carry on the mission of new by... Berno ( France ), b 1855 ). to settle in Brazil from! Der katholischen Kirche ( Paderborn, 1896 ) ; Archbishop of Canterbury ( 1006 ) ; Archbishop of.... 480, in Saskatchewan ( N.W.T., Canada ), d. 687 ; Bishop Worcester! Foreign mission work and became in turn spread the Faith, whilst eleven died in 1900, existed... Of Kitzingen ; died in prison OSB, the Observance of these is the superior general the! 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