In weathered soils, such as those of the cited studies, the presence of colloids with pH-dependent charges represents more than 70% of the total cation binding sites. Large stretches of scarce land, which can be used for shelter, agriculture or some other productive purposes, are being washed for disposal of fly ash and steel slag. Because blast furnace slag includes fertilizer components CaO, SiO 2 , and MgO, it is used in rice cultivation as a calcium silicate fertilizer. The main uses of Slag are in construction, water treatment, agriculture, cementitious applications. Developed countries like Japan, USA have taken lead in making fertilisers as slag silicate fertiliser, by-produced lime fertiliser, slag phosphate fertiliser or iron matter of special fertiliser using steel-making slag. 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In areas where iron and steel are manufactured, an agricultural blast-furnace slag product may be available as an economical alternative to agricultural limestone or dolomite and as a better source of minor nutrients. Contact our London head office or media team here. The supply of P and Si available in the soil for the potato crop, through the application of slag, increased the absorption of these nutrients by the plant, decreasing the lodging and increasing the height of plants and the production of tubers [17]. (weathering) before use. Steel slag may contain free lime (CaO or MgO) that may cause the slag to be expansive or cause differential movement when used as a base. LD Slag in construction of Hardstands. • Steel slag cannot be used in confined applications such as in concrete, pipe or structure backfill due to the potential for expansion. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. However, ladle steel slag, resulting from further refining, is quite different from steel slag [5]. These variations may lead to possible increase in the content of these elements in the soil and increase in the availability to the plants. The system will use wet alkaline earth metals extracted from steel slag to produce carbonates from exhaust gases at cement and steel plants. AGRICULTURE. Slag processing GGBS; How Is Slag Used? So, this chapter aims to emphasize the main aspects of the application of slags to soil chemical attributes as elevation of pH and neutralization of Al3+ toxic in acid soils and increase nutrient content as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, some micronutrients, and silicon. The presence of heavy metals in steel slag is one of the problems with its use that at high levels, it can become toxic and limit its use in agricultural activities. The different slags have different contents about the components that characterize a material as soil acidity corrective that can provide different effects in the neutralization of the soil acidity. Hermetic steel drums with a special coating that make them suitable for storage of agricultural goods were recently unveiled as the product of a collaboration between the Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI) and Pacegate Limited. The iron and steel slag used as aggregates for asphalt roads are iron and steel by-products. At steelworks, steel is made by refining pig iron that is produced by reducing iron ore. For producing one ton of steel in this process, slag is required by approximately 0.4 ton. In China, the first steel slag fertilizer program invested by Taiyuan Iron and Steel Group and Harsco Corporation of the USA started building in 2011 [4]. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Aspects related to monitoring the presence of heavy metals will be addressed. “The use of steel slag may be one of the most green solution which may avoid accumulation of large wastes in steel plants as well as help in treatment of soil for improving crop productivity at low cost,” the steel ministry said. This stuff is boiler slag, which is a recycled product from coal burning plants. Steel LD slag can also be used in fertilizers for agricultural applications (Das et al., 2007). Disposal of different wastes produced from different Industries is a great problem for any country. Large stretches of scarce land, which can be used for shelter, agriculture or some other productive purposes, are being washed for disposal of fly ash and steel slag. used in this study. Steel slags can be used in several activities, such as construction and paving, and also in the agricultural sector due to its ability to correct soil acidity, as it contains some nutrients for the plants and also as silicate fertilizer that is capable of providing silicon to the plants. In addition to the corrective effect of the slag, several studies point to the efficiency of slag to increase phosphorus nutrient in the soil [7, 17, 19]. The use of steel slag as fertilisers and soil nutrients is gaining importance across the globe as it represents an eco-friendly application wherein advantages of chemical properties of steel-making slag can be utilised to promote the growth of plants and increase the yield of agricultural products, particularly in the areas where the soil is acidic. Silicon may bring benefits to plants such as reduction of foliar diseases; improvement in pest control; increase in photosynthetic capacity due to the silicon benefit to the architectural activity of the plant, leaving the leaves more upright [32]; and improvement in the use of water by the plant [35]. The homogeneous application of the residue in the area and the adequate incorporation in the soil are also important aspects to be considered. Also, studying the effect of slag in rice crop, [41] observed an increase of base saturation and availability of silicon and phosphorus in the soil, with a consequent increase in grain yield, Si content, and accumulation in rice straw, in 2 years of cultivation. Others relate the P content increase with the increase of the soil pH provided by these materials, as well as greater solubilization of the organic phosphorus and the labile fraction, increasing its content in the form available to the plants. Its pH-raising effect is similar to that of ground limestone. Depending on the used production technology, the steel slag can be divided into a basic oxygen steel slag, an electric arc furnace slag and a ladle furnace slag (De Brito and Saika, 2013). The steel industry generates large volumes of slag, which are considered as an environmental problem; it is necessary to increase the use of this waste in new processes to avoid disposal in landfills. Additionally, steel slags have been used as a low-cost source to supply Si to rice plants [3]. Studies conducted by [19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28] showed positive effects in soil acidity correction of surface application of steel slag compared to lime in no-tillage system, in tropical soil. Owing to its high Si content, the use of slag as silicate fertilizer is gaining demand. Slag is a byproduct of metal smelting, and hundreds of tons of it are produced every year all over the world in the process of refining metals and making alloys.Like other industrial byproducts, slag actually has many uses, and rarely goes to waste. In addition natural lime stone fertilisers are in competition to the slag use. Tropical soils are characterized by being acid with excess of Al3+ that is a toxic element to plants because it limits the root development. Steel slag has been used as a soil additive for more than 100 years because of its high lime content, but it also contains more than a dozen other important minerals and … By-products of the steel and iron industries, slag aggregates have many valuable properties that can be used in construction, infrastructure and agriculture. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Steel slag in the application of glass-ceramics, environmental engineering, agriculture, burn-free bricks, foundry sand, etc. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. Steel slag can also be used to absorb contaminants like phosphate, magnesium, iron, calcium, silica and aluminium in the wastewater treatment process, but loses its effectiveness over time. Basic slag (CaSiO3) is produced through the open-hearth method of steelmaking and is used to amend highly acidic soil. The amount of these components in each slag varies widely depending on raw materials, type of steel made, furnace conditions, and other aspects [4, 5]. EXPERIMENTAL The steel mill at the Tube Rolling Mill Sisak generates approximately 15% of slag per tonne of steel produced in the electric arc furnace. Steel slag contains calcium, silicon, manganese, phosphate and iron. Steel slag can be rich nutrient to the farmer’s soil, and India’s steel ministry has asked its agriculture counterpart to look into the scope of its use in farms. It appears in concrete, aggregate road materials, as ballast, and is sometimes used as a component of phosphate fertilizer. The results of the researchers with the use of steel slag in agriculture have demonstrated that the proper application of these residues brings benefits on the chemical attributes of the soil, such as increase of pH in acidic soils; increase in the nutrient content of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium; and increase in the content of the beneficial element silicon [6, 11, 12, 13, 14]; these aspects contribute to greater crop production. The integrated steel plants in the country generate large volumes of steel slag having more than 50% of free lime. These processes can occur in different types of furnaces such as basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace [5]. The option to use them is more in the eastern part of the country where acidic soil is predominant with lower productivity. Blast furnace slag can be used also in agriculture because of its high sorption capacity of phosphorus, which remains into the available form for the plants. Though India’s fertilsier production has improved in recent times, it still depends on imports to bridge the demand-supply gap. *Address all correspondence to: angeldeys@hotmail.com, Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste. Steel making slag (also: steel slag) is produced during the conversion of hot metal to crude steel in a basic oxygen furnace or during the melting of scrap in an electric arc furnace. Steel can also undergo a greater process of refinement, into a ladle and, at the end of the process, to generate ladle steel slag [5]. At Tarmac we have over 40 years experience of processing slag into premium and more sustainable construction materials. Although the above studies did not observe an increase in the heavy metals’ levels in soil and plants, monitoring of the availability of these toxic elements in the soil and in the plant, as well as the characterization of the residue to be used, is fundamental for the success in the residues used in agriculture. (EAF) slag can be used as inexpensive absorbing agent in the treatment process for waste waters burdened with metallic ions. EXPERIMENTAL The steel mill at the Tube Rolling Mill Sisak generates approximately 15% of slag per tonne of steel produced in the electric arc furnace. Now the third-largest steelmaker in the world, India produces over 12 million tonnes of slag each year, but less than 20% of that is used in the cement industry while the remaining keeps piling up at the steel mills, while countries like USA and Japan use slags extensively (more than 70% of the produce) in areas such as housing and road construction, land and mine filling. Additionally, steel furnace slag has been used as a raw ingredient in Portland cement manufacture, fill, and soil amendment to name but a few applications. Due to the low market value of fertilisers, the long distances transportation is a limiting factor. pH, base saturation (V%), and Al3+ content at different depths of a dystrophic Red Latosol at 27 months after surface application of lime, centrifuged sewage sludge (LC), steel slag, and lama cal (Lcal) in the no-tillage system (source: [22]). Slag aggregates By-products of the steel and iron industries, slag aggregates have many valuable properties that can be used in construction, infrastructure and agriculture. 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