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e. Small isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species. A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions. Natural selection selects for individuals that compete less. b. sulfur dioxide b. compete with native species for the same resources decomposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor, which stage of the water cycle can be most direct cause of algal blooms, what impact does deforestation have on the carbon cycle, increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, which element is most abundant in the atmosphere, what is the major natural source of phosphorus on land, compounds released from ,the weathering of rocks, what effect would clear cutting within a watershed have on the water quality of a river running through the watershed, increase in the nutrient concentration in the water, the population with the greatest ability to respond to environmental change would be the one with, Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the, distribution of heat from tropical to temperate and polar regions, major anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution include natural fertilizers, vehicle exhaust, industrial air pollution and, the relationship between el nino and population decline of brown pelicans, warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites, the cause of recent blooms of blue green algae in lake erie, Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is, low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton, which of the following is most likely to result from destruction of wetlands surrounding a river, an increased frequency of flooding of the river valley, which level of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer, which of the following is the best description of a region's climate, the average temperature and precipitation over several decades, what is the overall direction of global air currents at the equator, constant tilt of the earth's axis with respect to the plane of orbit around the sun, which of the following is most likely to result from the destruction of wetlands surrounding a river, an increased frequency in flooding of the river valley, The K selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing, few offspring with high levels of parental care, why small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands, small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources, water pollution from oil rigs concentrated in the gulf of mexico. d. troponin b. Scientists do not completely understand the thermohaline flow of water, but they are monitoring the melting sea and land ice into the North Atlantic Ocean; an influx of freshwater causes a disruption to the deep ocean circulation. d. oceanic ridges In fact, it is the densest ocean water on Earth! b. myosin Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the a. restriction of the jet stream to polar regions b. distribution of heat from tropical to temperate and polar regions c. movement of benthic organisms from polar to temperate regions d. moderation of ocean acidification e. spring and fall overturn of temperate bodies of water b. c. collagen a. Scientists think that if the conveyor slows or stops, the warmer surface water would not be propelled back toward the north Atlantic through the Gulf Stream. 5 & 0 \\ c. acid precipitation falling throughout the northeastern United States These are more massive but move more slowly than surface currents. APES Unit 1 Flashcards | Quizlet c. Subsidence c. high as a result of the high concentration of nutrients in the open ocean Hover over the icons for brief explanations; click on the icons to learn more about each topic. Get more great content like this delivered right to you! b. human exponential growth Heavy Metals and Their Ecological Risk Assessment in Surface Sediments 1.8 ). Surface Currents -- Surface Circulation. The results presented above can be concisely summarized using a regime diagram to illustrate circulation direction as a function of three variables: mean temperature, equator-pole temperature gradient, and equator-pole salinity gradient ( Fig. c. Carbon sinks include forests and oceans c. nitrogen cycle Some span hundreds to thousands of miles across vast ocean basins in well-defined flows. 3 & 7 e. chlorine from sewage treatment plants along Lake Erie's shoreline, An El Nino will result in all of the following environmental effects except If you wanted to determine if a resource was being used in a sustainable way, which of the following data would you analyze? One notable exception was the Gulf Stream, which is likely slowing for an unrelated reason: As Arctic ice melts, it dilutes the sinking, salty water in the North Atlantic that pulls the current northward. The saltiness of water is one factor that affects its density. Which of the following must be true? e. Carbon is concentrated in igneous rocks, Formed when pre-existing rock is exposed to high heat and pressures surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. b. flow of matter and recycling of energy High Sea Surface Temperature, High Rainfall. a. b. c. deposition from the atmosphere b. chemical energy This is triggered when winds blow water across the oceans surface, allowing deeper water to rise up to replace this displaced surface water. a. positive feedback loops . a. amplitude c. Governments spending more money on clean-up initiatives d. Troposphere a. sandy loam Ocean circulation is an essential part of How the Earth System Works. The region around latitude 60 south is the only part of the Earth where the ocean can flow all the way around the world with no land in the way. a. protecting the biodiversity of endangered island ecosystems Why are decomposers important to ecosystems? d. Mesosphere animals without cephalization? b. detritivore We, therefore, investigated spatial and temporal variations in oceanographic conditions and their biological effects on the continental shelf . D=610,E=[134]. e. sediments, The phenomenon causing global warming occurs primarily in this region of the atmosphere Thermohaline circulation - Wikipedia c. Water Vapor \end{array}\right], \quad G=\left[\begin{array}{rr} The greatest amount of fresh water is found in which of the following? a. Between 30 o and 60 o lie the Ferrel Cells , composed of sinking air at 30 o and rising air at 60 o (Figure 8.2.3). Warm surface currents invariably flow from the tropics to the higher latitudes, driven mainly by atmospheric winds, as well as the earth's rotation. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect; planetary vorticity, horizontal friction and vertical friction determine the circulatory patterns from the wind stress curl ().. Gyre can refer to any type of vortex in an atmosphere or a sea, even one . d. D b. subduction zone They also affect the routes taken by ships as they carry goods and people across the sea. Currents, like winds in the atmosphere, do not move in straight lines because of the spin of the Earth, which causes the Coriolis effect. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed in a physical or chemical reaction He knew the excess warmth from climate change is not distributed evenly through the ocean but is instead concentrated at its surface. In this way, heated water raises the normal level of the sea surface. d. increased oligotrophic conditions The researchers increased either winds, saltiness, or surface temperatures, while holding all other variables steady. If it continues to slow, that could have profound . These winds help the atmosphere and ocean to move heat around the world. Marine microbes and wildlife could be subjected to shallower, hotter, and faster surface waters. Similar to a person trying to walk in a straight line across a spinning merry-go-round, winds and ocean waters get deflected from a straight line path as they travel . c. Small isolated islands are more likely to receive more migrating species. Which of the following is NOT a property of water? b. These are winds that drive the system of surface currents in the ocean. a. herbivore To learn more about teaching ocean circulation, visit the Teaching Resources page. They can damage property Science and AAAS are working tirelessly to provide credible, evidence-based information on the latest scientific research and policy, with extensive free coverage of the pandemic. Organisms move from one layer to another, and plant and animal remains containing nutrients "rain" down, but the layers stay fairly separate in all but a few places. Surface currents occur within the mixing zone. d. fault zones Atmospheric circulation - Understanding Global Change As water currents move this heat, they affect climate patterns, local weather, the cycling of gases, and the delivery of key nutrients to marine ecosystems. This is because a. Ocean water is constantly moving, and not only in the form of waves and tides. The movement of the world's major ocean gyres helps drive the " ocean conveyor belt .". Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean basina pattern known as the "ring of fire"are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. This cold, salty water near the poles (primarily in the North Atlantic and near Antarctica) sinks and spreads along the bottom and eventually rises back towards the surface of the ocean. a. the melting of Arctic sea ice, resulting in increased solar radiation absorption and even more sea ice melting e. It underlies eastern Quebec and is a limited source of freshwater. Phone: (803)536-3333 30 yard dumpster dimensions. b. secondary consumer The animation also shows another feature of the global ocean circulation: the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. e. ecosystem services, Humus is d. cooling and hardening e. an increase in predators, resulting in fewer prey, All of the following are methods to reduce the impacts of floods EXCEPT b. pesticides from agricultural fields c. nitrogen-fixing bacteria and grazing by herbivores a-h Demonstrate the results from an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiment: a Surface heat flux forcing applied in the North Atlantic (black) which consists of two signals: 30-years . Surface currents involve large masses of water moving horizontally on the surface. Carbon sinks include forests and oceans These waters are the upper 400 meters of the ocean. a. runoff from city streets and other developed areas c. be clear with low levels of dissolved oxygen d. greater; less the dose-response relationship is linear When scientists discover the existence of an emerging infectious disease such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), they must take immediate steps to determine the cause of the disease and the method of transmission. Categories . d. low, but the large expanse of oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton Which of the following is true of the Ogallala aquifer? Surface currents can flow for thousands of kilometers and can reach depths of hundreds of meters. Surface winds, waves, and currents mix and distribute the heat throughout this layer therefore the depth of the mixed layer can change with the seasons. e. nocturnal, Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop? Click the image on the left to open the Understanding Global Change Infographic. d. plate boundaries Surface ocean currents are strongly influenced by the wind. e. Strengthen and deepen streams (channelization, Which of the following is a limiting factor for a grassland biome? e. treated wastewater discharges, Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature? Earliest evidence of horseback riding found in eastern cowboys, Funding woes force 500 Women Scientists to scale back operations, Lawmakers offer contrasting views on how to compete with China in science, U.K. scientists hope to regain access to EU grants after Northern Ireland deal, Astronomers stumble in diplomatic push to protect the night sky, Satellites spoiling more and more Hubble images, Pablo Neruda was poisoned to death, a new forensic report suggests, Europes well-preserved bog bodies surrender their secrets, Teens leukemia goes into remission after experimental gene-editing therapy, Global warming is speeding up Earth's massive ocean currents, Surface warminginduced global acceleration of upper ocean currents, Globe's 'Missing Warming' Found in the Ocean, Global Warming Throws Some Curves in the Atlantic Ocean. c. It underlies the Argentine Pampas and is underutilized as a source of water. But a new modeling study fingers another culprit: the oceans own tendency to warm from top to bottom, leading to constricted surface layers where water flows faster, like blood in clogged arteries. The study suggests climate change will continue to speed up across ocean currents, potentially limiting the heat the ocean can capture and complicating migrations for already stressed marine life. c. The warming of the western pacific causes a reduction in upwelling nutrients and an increase in rainfall a. increased recreational use of Lake Erie A particular country has a Total Fertility Rate equal to replacement level fertility and emigration equal to immigration. c. nitrates from detergents, primarily nutrient levels, atmospheric circulation, etc.) b. carry diseases that infect native species b. compaction and cementation D High High b. temperature differences in oceanic currents a. have some regions that are hypoxic a. Great Pacific Garbage Patch - National Geographic Society Hu is not so certain of that, however. Lab 5 - Instructor Guide - Ocean Data Lab The ocean plays a crucial role in regulating the temperature and weather of the planet. Population size can be estimated using the formula, According to the theory of demographic transition ,rapid growth occurs during phase, Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage, The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines, Which of the following elements constitutes the highest percentage in the earths crust, Which rock type is paired with its correct mode of formation, What is the difference between weathering and erosion, Weathering is the breakdown of rock , erosion is the removal of sediment, Topsoil,a mix of decaying organic matter and underlying soil is the, Select the correct order of physical size of sediment particles from largest to smallest, Which of the following represents a positive feedback loop in the Artic that is associated with anthropogenic climate change, Artic ocean ice melts- ocean surface water temperature increases- more ice melts, Andrew Friedland, Elisa McCracken, Libby Jones, Nat Draper, Rick Relyea, Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships, Oceanography-Chapter 16- Oceans and Climate C. Others are confined to particular regions and form slow-moving, circular pools. Ocean circulation The ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface and is constantly in motion. a. Ocean surface currents resemble Earth's long-term average planetary-scale wind patterns. Oceans hold onto this heat for longer than the land does and ocean. b. energy and oxygen Tropical rainforests have distinct rainy and dry seasons Can the alcohol (CH3)3COH\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{COH}(CH3)3COH be formed by the reduction of an aldehyde or ketone? Country A 12 4 At these locations, there is a large difference between temperatures during the day and night, and during the warmest and coldest parts of the year. c. increased mosquito borne disease in tropical areas c. Drip irrigation systems Water flows in a circular pattern--clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. b. d. a kingsnake has coloration similar to the dangerous coral snake Alternatively, explore the Understanding Global Change Infographic and find new topics that are of interest and/or locally relevant to you. d. Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources. d. radioactive energy e. Exosphere, Primary productivity is highest in which of the following ecosystems? c. Rotation of the Earth on its axis Other (more local) causes are the lunar tides and river/ice-melt flow from the land. Climate - Circulation, currents, and ocean-atmosphere interaction LIke temperature, the salt in the ocean affects its density (the amount mass per volume). In oceanography, a gyre (/ d ar /) is any large system of circulating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. We usually assume that if you uniformly warm the ocean, there will be no major impact on ocean circulation. Accounting for the top-down nature of ocean warming changes that picture, she adds. Convergent continental plates form mountain ranges. c. there is only one correct answer to environmental problems More saline water masses are found in areas where there is a lot of evaporation because salt is left in the water, or in polar areas because as ice forms, salt is left in the water. d. warm temperatures, acid precipitation, and occasional wildfires These cold patches are what remains of the subsurface "engine" of the La Nina, now starting to turn off slowly as warmer waters move in. -1 & 4 \\ The surface temperature of the world's oceans varies mainly with latitude, with the warmest waters generally near the equator and the coldest waters in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. d. grassland The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called, The zone of hot, partly melted rock which can be deformed by heat and pressure allowing plate movement, In the African savanna, Thompson's gazelles consume short grasses. Instead, they currents are deflected because of the Coriolis force, which is due to the Earth's rotation. To test that hypothesis, Xies team turned to a climate model of all the worlds oceans. As we have seen, winds blow from areas of high atmospheric pressure to regions of low atmospheric pressure. b. saltwater intrusion Concentrations of nine heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, As, and Hg) from marine sediments (2015, n = 38) in the Changjiang River Estuary and contiguous East China Sea were determined. Rise in water table Seen from space, the circulating waters offer a study in both chaos and order. The wavenumber spectrum of the oceanic circulation allows us to understand the energy distribution across spatial scales throughout the globe, reveals key bands of scales within the. b. all of the above e. clay, Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature? b. increased death of sea lions in the Galapagos Islands b. have high species richness and diversity Like the warm surface currents, they are driven mainly by the wind. Oceans cover 71% of the globe, storing and transferring heat energy around the world. Hover over or click on the icons to learn more about these human causes of change and how they influence, or are influenced by, ocean circulation. e. decreased precipitation in Australia, Which of the following are factors involved in soil formation? e. Richter scales, Formed when pre-existing rock is exposed to high heat and pressures Fungi secreting enzymes into a fallen tree are able to cycle the nutrients from the tree back to the soil. Some currents flow for short distances; others cross entire ocean basins and even circle the globe.By moving heat from the equator toward the poles, ocean currents play . d. water in a reservoir e. The prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific weaken and change directions, All of the following are associated with an El Nino event EXCEPT a. Overdraft Continental Movement by Plate Tectonics - Take Me To Manoa b. Thermohaline circulation occurs because winds move warm surface waters from the equator towards the poles, where the water cools and increases in density. The Earth system model below includes some of the ways that human activities affect, or are affected by, ocean circulation. surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the Surface Ocean Circulation The circulation of the surface ocean is driven primarily by surface winds. With our present atmosphere, Earth's mean surface temperature is approximately +15C. c. heat energy b. The globally averaged ocean . For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands? b. large ears to give off excess heat c. coral reefs Of the following ecosystems, which has the lowest net primary productivity, measured as kilocalories of energy produced per square meter per year? b. mitigation of anoxia The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is reduced by cutting trees 9.22: Quiz Questions - Chapter 9 - Ocean Circulation c. Soil C d. The rate at which the resource was being recycled. Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the distribution of heat from tropical to temperate and polar regions major anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution include natural fertilizers, vehicle exhaust, industrial air pollution and Comparison of TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason Altimetry with ARAMIS In Situ A=[4102369],B=[232240012],C=[501347],A=\left[\begin{array}{rr} c. none of the above c. Mesosphere The new findings also suggests that in much of the ocean, lower waters, some 400 meters or so down, would slow as warm upper waters take up more and more of the movement, Xie says. All this heating and cooling and melting and thawing creates a layered ocean: warmer fresher water on top, cold salty water at the bottom. Impact of Building Energy Mitigation Measures on Future Climate a. Sulfur and water cycles Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. b. Phosphorous and nitrogen cycles Fig. It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes. a. less; less Some of this water gets so cold that it freezes, leaving its salt behind in the remaining water, further increasing the density of this water. surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the The total contents of nine heavy metals ranged from 134.0 g/g to 357.8 g/g, with Cr as the most . e. desert, When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local streams is As the oceans absorb more heat, sea surface temperature increases, and the ocean circulation patterns that transport warm and cold water around the globe change. For media enquiries, please contact our corporate media office. For the time-decomposition analysis, it was found that over the eastern subcontinent of Africa, south of the equator . Country D 10 30 a. one of the primary causes of desertification if present in excess Water table These waters move around the ocean basins by density driven forces and gravity. Coastal and sea floor features influence their location, direction, and speed. Large masses of water that move together, called ocean currents, transport heat, marine organisms, nutrients, dissolved gasses such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, and pollutants all over the world. Since the center of the Earth gets more sunlight, it is. Cold surface currents come from polar and temperate latitudes, and they tend to flow towards the equator. d. All of the above surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the In fact, almost all rain that falls on land starts off in the ocean. I trust what the observations tell us, Hu says. e. have numerous predators that cause an increase in the number of predators, All of the following are true of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) EXCEPT: The surface current flows back throughout the Indian Ocean into the Atlantic Ocean, returning surface water to the North Atlantic Ocean and driving the Gulf Stream The Gulf Stream flows along the east coast of the United States and across the northern region of the Atlantic. b. proteins e. ocean ridges, Wind Carbon dioxide e. the rotation of the earth on its axis, The North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart from one another and creating the Mid-Atlantic ridge. e. Stratosphere, According to the climate graphs below all of the following are true EXCEPT: b. Also known as thermohaline circulation, the . b. decomposer e. Saltwater intrusion. Xie and his colleagues also realized that, in shallower layers, currents would naturally have to speed up: In effect, the winds were pushing the same amount of water through a narrower pipe. Most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere, Country with largest area of boreal forest, Country with largest are of land affected by desertification, Country with largest area of temperate deciduous forest, Traveling southward from the Arctic region of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. c. scavenger Rahmstorf, S. et al. 2 & 4 & 0 \\ Temperature is another factor that affects density. d. water vapor b. Learn more in these real-world examples, and challenge yourself toconstruct a modelthat explains the Earth system relationships.