They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. Find these with these special Subject terms. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Making of America. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. Guide. He could acknowledge the law as valid. Primary Sources Sallust. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. They had, however, fallen on hard times. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. The Acropolis was then besieged. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. onwards. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Websites. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. [citation needed]. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. Editor: Paul Halsall. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. He brought Pompeii under siege. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. In . [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. 82 BC. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. Pueblo, CO 81001. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Introduction. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. Learning in Black and White. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Updated on October 07, 2019. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato.