What are the symptoms of a subdural hematoma? Researchers have reported that more than 85% of SDG disappear within three months (3) but if the clinical condition deteriorates or subdural hygroma is associated with mass effect, it becomes a serious complication requiring surgical intervention (14,15). Complication Timeframe Likelihood; neurologic deficits: short term: medium: Various neurologic deficits may result from the hematoma or its sequelae, including increased intracranial pressure. 800-638-3030 (within USA), 301-223-2300 (international) 2.13). Treatment of symptomatic subdural hygromas and hematomas consists of changing the shunt valve to a higher pressure setting and/or by introducing a catheter into the subdural effusion and connecting it to the distal shunt system.51 Ventricular catheter migration out of the ventricular system occurs if the shunt has not been properly fixed at the burr hole site where it exits the skull. It may be necessary to temporarily clamp off the shunt so that the brain can expand and occlude the subdural space or to place a shunt catheter in the subdural collection. 2.8). In 1 patient, the subdural Subdural hygromas are encountered in all age groups. Anesthesia & Analgesia96(3):907, March 2003. One of the least described and understood complications is subdural hygroma following third ventriculostomy. However, the postoperative seizures have been reported in 29% to 70% of patients operated by transcortical approaches. Subdural hygroma is another type of collection and is commonly thought to be synonymous with chronic subdural hemorrhage. Acute subdural haemorrhage is a common complication, thought to be due to stretching of small vessels across the expanded subdural space as well as due to membranous bleeding. lists several uncommon shunt complications. for all aneurysm groups, whereas the male patients > 60 years of age showed the highest incidence of subdural compli-. 22-Dec-2020;11:451. Sepideh Amin-Hanjani, ... Peter M. Black, in Office Practice of Neurology (Second Edition), 2003. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Figure 6. One of the least described and understood complications is subdural hygroma following third ventriculostomy. The most frequent complications are infection and/or mechanical complications (obstruction, disconnection, etc.) Initially, the neomembranes are thin, although they occasionally may become quite thick over time or even calcify (Fig. The complication was managed by re-exploration of the posterior fossa and wide arachnoidotomy. Zwolle, The Netherlands. Management is still a matter of controversy (conservative Vssurgical) especially when consciousness is a concern. As previously noted, this determination is classically based on the density of the collection. During the average period of follow-up 42 patients (84%) are active and leading normal lives. subdural complications. Interpretación Traducción  subdural hygroma. Tanaka reported subdural fluid collections in 40% of patients after removal of intraventricular tumors, and symptomatic collections required surgical drainage in 11% of cases.54 In our series, although 36% of patients were noted to have subdural hygroma surgical intervention was not needed in any of these patients. Please try again soon. Most subdural hygromas are believed to be derived from chronic subdural hematomas. We present two cases where patients developed subdural hygroma following posterior fossa surgery for brain tumors. The risk of rebleeding diminishes markedly with a longstanding chronic subdural collection with this advanced degree of organization. The most frequent complication after chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is chronic subdural hematoma recurrence requiring reoperation. The variable concentrations of either blood or CSF within a specific area of the acute subdural collection lead to different fluid properties and therefore different fluid behavior as time elapses. Xanthochromic fluid secondary to extravasation of plasma from membrane or meningitis, Empyema: Peripheral enhancement, hyperintensity on FLAIR; restricted diffusion on DWI, May cross dural attachments, limited by sutures, Chronic meningitis (may be indistinguishable), Neurosarcoid: Often lumpy-bumpy appearance, “Slumping” midbrain, tonsillar herniation, Meningioma, lymphoma, leukemia, metastases, ± skull and extracranial soft tissue involvement, Marrow or subcutaneous fat may “shift,” appear intracranial, and mimic T1 hyperintense SDH, Jason J. Chang, Anthony M. Avellino, in Neurocritical Care Management of the Neurosurgical Patient, 2018. Facial nerve palsy after the evacuation of subdural haematomas or hygromas has not been reported before. Received for publication April 11, 1951 To the list of complications of meningitis must be added subdural hygroma SUBDURAL HYGROMA COMPLICATING MENINGOCOCCIC MENINGITIS STANLEY H. STEINBERG, M.D.,* AND JAMES PETER MURPHY, M.D. Four patients died in the postoperative phase. Moreover, we must be very clear about the approach to follow. Four patients (8%) are experiencing neurologic deficits, but are leading normal and independent lives. The Pathogenesis of Subdural Hygromas: An Ongoing Odyssey. This method also leads to difficulties because the degree of clot formation can vary markedly, based on our previous discussion. Subdural hygromas are the collections of clear fluid containing mostly CSF. Anesthesia & Analgesia: March 2003 - Volume 96 - Issue 3 - p 907. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000039466.58263.16. J Neurosurg. Data is temporarily unavailable. SDHs are classified into acute, subacute, or chronic categories, depending on the amount of time elapsed since the time of injury. Herein, we reported an 80-year-old male with chronic subdural hematoma and contralateral subdural hygroma. ... Cho KS, Park CK, Kang SG, Park YS. Background: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has overtaken the use of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for the treatment of congenital hydrocephalus. 2.9). Background:Subdural posttraumatic collections are called usually Traumatic Subdural Hygroma (TSH).TSH is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subdural space after head injury. Significant mass effect was present in 2 patients with unilateral subdural hygroma, which improved after placement of a subduroperitoneal shunt. THE formation of cranial subdural hematomas after lumbar puncture is a well-known complication of spinal anesthesia, although rare in young patients. At its most basic, there are two types of traumatic subdural collections: SDH and subdural hygroma. 2.5). A 74-years-old female presented with a mild headache and consciousness disturbance after head injury. Subdural hygroma is a frequent delayed complication of head trauma. Subdural hygroma is an unusual complication of posterior fossa tumor surgery. Subdural effusion is a rare complication that is probably more frequent than reported in the literature . 105: 65-70. On CT imaging, an acute SDH often presents as a hyperdense subdural collection (Fig. This may exacerbate the occurrence of subdural hygromas and hydrocephalus.14,22,44 Researchers reported a 50% rate of subdural hygroma and hydrocephalus following DC, regressing spontaneously over weeks to months.47 Others have reported a 21% rate of subdural hygroma, 87% resolving spontaneously without having any resultant neurological deficit.45 Only one patient developed … 2.11). Some error has occurred while processing your request. Subdural hygroma is an uncommon complication after lumbarpuncture.Asubduralhygromaistheaccumulation ofcerebrospinalfluid(CSF)inthesubduralspacethatmay occur for a number of reasons. Eight women had anesthesia in relation to labor. The highly variable presentation of intracranial hypotension hinders timely diagnosis and treatment. 33,42,43,57 ⇓ ⇓ –60 Unfortunately, the causes of SDHys cannot always be read directly from the CT or MR images. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (KUH1070028). The recent technological development in the field has triggered a renewal in the interest in ETV, considered a safe … Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Cortical dysfunction related to adoption of a transcortical approach for intraventricular meningiomas has been frequently reported. Br J Neurosurg 1994; 8: 551–8. Lee KS, Bae WK, Park YT, Yun IG. tomatic subdural hygroma. Subdural hygroma is an uncommon complication after lumbar puncture. (3) described a 19-year-old patient who had a subdural hematoma after an obstetric catheter epidural anesthesia. Kampe and Hünseler describe a patient who, during her delivery, had epidural analgesia and developed bifrontal subdural hygroma. Thons et al. Subdural hygromas are subdural fluid collections of clear xanthochromic or blood-tinged fluid. Registered users can save articles, searches, and manage email alerts. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. SUBDURAL HYGROMA COMPLICATING MENINGOCOCCIC MENINGITIS STANLEY H. STEINBERG, M.D.,* AND JAMES PETER MURPHY, M.D. It is hardly surprising that in the post partum period, the diagnosis and management of these ‘atypical’ headaches in the absence of a history of dural puncture is challenging. Methods. Read "Cranial Subdural Hygroma Complicating Thoracic Disc Surgery. These probably represent effusions that develop in response to the excess space in the cranial vault unoccupied by brain matter. The diagnosis and treatment are still difficult and controversial for neurosurgeons. Subdural hygroma affects the critical age groups of less than 5 years and more than 60 years, when the dural space is large enough for the fluid to accumulate [1 1. Both techniques may present subdural accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid and/or haematomas resulting in extra-axial fluid collections on numerous occasions that require surgical treatment. Typically, these subdural shunts have very low-pressure valves or no valves at all. your express consent. cations at 50%–100%, according to the aneurysm location. Lippincott Journals Subscribers, use your username or email along with your password to log in. Most hygromas are clinically 'silent' and a few cases have shown slow deterioration in the chronic stage. We report a case of subdural hygroma showing unique radiological findings and rapid deterioration. Unfortunately, no uniformity exists as to the terminology and determination of these categories. One of the least described and understood complications is subdural hygroma following third ventriculostomy. A major concern is subdural hygroma progressing to a chronic subdural hematoma, as described in 8.2% of cases in one review of traumatic subdural hygromas [ 10 ]. Chronic subdural hematoma surgery complications. Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox, Subdural Hygroma: A Rare Complication of Spinal Anesthesia Diagnosed after a Grand Mal Convulsion, Articles in PubMed by J. S. P. van den Berg, Articles in Google Scholar by J. S. P. van den Berg, Other articles in this journal by J. S. P. van den Berg, Brain Electrical Activity Obeys Benford’s Law, Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting, Continuous Spinal Anesthesia and Analgesia in Obstetrics, Cardiovascular Safety of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective Inhibitors Parecoxib and Valdecoxib in the Postoperative Setting: An Analysis of Integrated Data, International Anesthesia Research Society. Patients with preoperative ventricular enlargement or large tumors are at risk for postoperative subdural hematoma and hygroma formation. Thons M, Neveling D, Hatzmann W. Intracerebral subdural hematoma after delivery with peridural catheter anesthesia [in German]. Even minor head trauma can increase the risk of subdural hematoma. Vos PE, de Boer WA, Wurzer JA, van Gijn J. Subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture: two case reports and review of the literature. Because the subdural space should not contain fluid, this space cannot be ‘overdrained.’ Subdural shunts are subject to the same potential complications as ventricular shunts and tend to have a lower rate of long-term patency. 2.14). Although subdural hygroma development after craniotomy or aneurysm surgery is a well-known complication and subdural peritoneal or V-P shunt are commonly successful procedures, there are situations that cannot be treated by available surgical options. One of the common causes of subdural hygroma is a sudden decrease in pressure as a result of placing a ventricular shunt. Alternatively, this can also result from the acute impairment of CSF resorption (as often seen in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage), affecting the intradural venous plexus along the inner layer of the dura. Subdural collections of blood or fluid generally are a result of overdrainage. subdural hygroma. (2), 11 of the 35 cases of subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture for anesthetic procedures were women. Management is still a matter of controversy (conservative Vssurgical) especially when consciousness is a concern. 1–3Pathogenesis of this condition has been related to rupture of bridging veins joining the cerebral surface and the dura mater. Ammor H, Boujarnija H, Lamrani Y, Boubbou M, Kamaoui I, … Background: Subdural hygroma (SDHy) is a collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under the dural membrane. Although ETV is relatively safe, several postoperative complications have been reported. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Please try after some time. Case Type. A 45-year-old man developed traumatic cerebral infarction after traumatic brain injury and underwent DC because of the … It is difficult to distinguish subdural hygroma from hematoma, as hygromas often change into hematomas (1). Figure 1: Evolution of Subdural Collection through sequential computed tomography scans. A subdural hygroma is the accumulation of clear or xanthochromic CSF within the subdural space. 2.7). Results. Both SDHs and subdural hygromas can be either acute or chronic. The final image demonstrates the result after cranioplasty and ventriculoperitoneal shunt and decompressive catheter inside the subdural hygroma. Subdural hygroma as a complication of cerebral hydatid cyst surgery Section. The analysis of complications after BCD were limit-ed to the first operation in 1 patient. Imaging studies should be used liberally and any decline in the neurologic function or elevation of intracranial pressure should be investigated and treated aggressively. A simple CSF leak should initially be treated with ventriculostomy and oversewing of the wound but may ultimately require shunting (either subdural-peritoneal or ventriculoperitoneal).78 In our experience, shunting in this population is best done with a programmable shunt because their CSF diversion needs are likely to change with time (typically starting with low pressure requirements and gradually requiring higher pressures), especially when the bone flap is replaced. 7. The exact etiology of this process remains unknown, but it is likely to be due to incomplete healing of the dura or the presence of small dural defects. Of course, the presence of a subdural hygroma and an SDH is not mutually exclusive. These collections have also been called Traumatic Subdural Effusion (TSE) or External Hydrocephalous (EHP) according to liquid composition, or image features. Macrocephaly is a common presentation of subdural hygroma, as is vomiting due to increased intracranial pressure. However, most of the data in the literature refer to spontaneous or posttraumatic occurrence of subdural hygromas, regarded as either a favorable or an unfavorable event. A subdural hygroma is the accumulation of clear or xanthochromic CSF within the subdural space. Therefore, 51 BCDs for Hydrocephalus and Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow, Sepideh Amin-Hanjani, ... Peter M. Black, in, Office Practice of Neurology (Second Edition), Matthew B. Potts, ... Geoffrey T. Manley, in, Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques (Sixth Edition), Abnormalities in CSF absorption are common and typically manifest as, Atul Goel, ... Amaresh S. Bhaganagare, in, In our series, although 36% of patients were noted to have, Subdural Hemorrhage and Posttraumatic Hygroma, At its most basic, there are two types of traumatic subdural collections: SDH and, Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition), Shunts are sometimes used to drain spaces other than the ventricles. Despite a recurrence rate that cannot be overlooked, BCDs are wide-ly used because they have are very simple procedures and can be performed even under local anesthesia with low complication rates.5,6,10,22) Nevertheless, as many neurosur-geons experience and has been reported in many case re-ports,11,14,18,19,22) devastating complications … Table 40.5 lists several uncommon shunt complications. Duy, Juan E. Small, in Neuroradiology, 2019. All registration fields are required. subdural hematoma (SDH) or subdural hygroma. A SPS was performed in 44 cases (61%), 9 being failed external drainages. Among neurotraumatologists it is generally known that SDHys usually derive from head injuries and represent rare posttraumatic complications that may coexist with epidural or subdural hematomas. They are commonly seen in elderly people after minor trauma but can also be seen in children following infection or trauma. CASE REPORT Unrecognised dural puncture resulting in subdural hygroma and cortical vein thrombosis A. Sinha,1 S. Petkov2 and D. Meldrum3 1 Speciality Doctor, 2 Specialist Registrar, 3 Consultant, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, West Suffolk Three of these 38 SEDs were complicated by infection. Such rare complications may present with varied neurological symptoms and signs, with posture having no or minimal effect on headaches. van den Berg, J. S. P. Author Information . This can lead to leakage of CSF into the su… For information on cookies and how you can disable them visit our Privacy and Cookie Policy. K.-S. Lee, “History of chronic subdural hematoma,” Korean Journal of Neurotrauma, vol… Subdural hygroma is an unusual complication of posterior fossa tumor surgery. However, contralateral acute subdural hematoma has been reported to be a rare and devastating complication. may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed Subdural hygromas and hematomas may develop after the insertion of a ventricular shunt into a child with very large ventricles and a thin cerebral cortical mantle. One of the least described and understood complications is subdural hygroma following third ventriculostomy. Case Discussion. ORIGINAL ARTICLE - NEUROSURGERY GENERAL Chronic subdural hematoma—incidence, complications, and financial impact Minna Rauhala1 & Pauli Helén1 & Heini Huhtala2 & Paula Heikkilä3 & Grant L. Iverson4 & Tero Niskakangas1 & Juha Öhman5 & Teemu M. Luoto1 Received: 21 February 2020/Accepted: 6 May 2020 Selten können subdurale Hygrome auch angeboren sein oder spontan nach kraniospinaler Hypotension auftreten. In Response: Kampe and Hünseler describe a patient who, during her delivery, had epidural analgesia and developed bifrontal subdural hygroma. Diagnostic method for differentiating external hydrocephalus from simple subdural hygroma. 800-638-3030 (within USA), 301-223-2300 (international). Introduction The endoscopic thirdventriculostomy (ETV) is currently a widely accepted therapeutic option for the management of obstructive hydrocephalus1. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. We present two patients recently seen at our hospital that both developed facial nerve palsy after the drainage of trauma-induced hygroma in … On CT imaging, an acute subdural hygroma exists when a CSF isodense or nearly isodense subdural collection accumulates acutely (Fig. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: Letters & Announcements. antoniozingale@tin.it Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Subdural hygroma usually resolves spontaneously not needing surgical treatment (8,13). It is usually asymptomatic but may alter consciousness. CT/MRI. hematoma evacuation, ventricular drainage 4. spontaneous intracranial hypotension In summary, multiple patterns of SDH may be encountered by the imaging interpreter. However, the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. These varying degrees and combinations of clot, blood, and bloody CSF are what lead to the marked heterogeneity of patient imaging presentations (Fig. Distinguishing between subdural hygroma and hematoma is difficult and may be artificial, because hygromas often progress to hematomas . Alternatively, acute SDH may be defined by blood products that are still clotted, subacute SDH reserved for collections in which the clot has lysed (generally 2 days to several days), and chronic SDH for collections older than 3 weeks. A Case Report, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Registered users can save articles, searches, and manage email alerts. A subdural hygroma (SDG) is a collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), without blood, located under the dural membrane of the brain. Subdural hygroma is a known complication of Sylvian fissure arachnoid cysts (SACs). Key words: Hydrocephalus, endoscopic thirdventriculostomy, postoperative complication, subdural hygroma; physiopathology. These are treated like any other hernia. The term subdural hygroma (SDHy) is classically reserved for proteinaceous, clear, pink-tinged, or xanthochromatic collections within the subdural space containing pure CSF or at least CSF-like fluid; blood, blood products, or neomembranes are nonexistent by definition (Fig 1B, -C). Only in 16 (38%) of these 44 patients the SPS was removed after an average of 27.0 (+/-16.6) months. 3 Symptomatik Kleine subdurale Hygrome können asymptomatisch sein oder mit leichten Kopfschmerzen einhergehen. A 74-years-old female prese … This can result from an acute tear in both the arachnoid and the dural border cell layer, resulting in communication of these two spaces. Intensive postoperative management is necessary that includes frequent neurologic assessment, as these patients are at risk for intraventricular hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and hydrocephalus. Subdural hygroma is a frequent delayed complication of head trauma. higroma subdural. Bristol, in Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition), 2014. We herein present a case of an asymptomatic arachnoid cyst with rupture into the subdural space bilaterally and presenting as raised intracranial pressure. 1. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Perhaps the most important differentiating feature between acute and chronic SDHs is the formation of neomembranes encapsulating the hemorrhage. Request PDF | On Jun 1, 2002, J. S. P. van den Berg and others published Subdural Hygroma: A Rare Complication of Spinal Anesthesia | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate An acute subdural hygroma results from the acute accumulation of CSF within the dural border cell layer. [email protected]. Therefore, they’re ordinarily seen in elderly people after minor trauma but can also be seen in children following infection or trauma. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323447812500280, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323321068000406, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0443065578500186, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416068396101352, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416056546000453, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323485548502141, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032344549800002X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123851574007818, Neurocritical Care Management of the Neurosurgical Patient. t Washington, D.C. At its most basic, the CT density of a simple SDH depends on the time interval between the bleeding episode and imaging (Fig. 2. Shunts can be placed from the subdural space (Figure 6) to the peritoneum or to any of the other distal sites mentioned for ventricular shunts. 2.4). Inadvertent dural puncture during epidural anesthesia leads to intracranial hypotension, which if left unnoticed can cause life-threatening subdural hematomas or cerebellar tonsillar herniation. However, catheter drainage is also associated with complications such as acute subdural hematoma, tension pneumocephalus, and infection.10,17) Here, we present two rare cases of remote hemorrhages associat-ed with catheter overdrainage after the surgical treatment of CSDH and subdural hygroma. Use of an antisiphon device should also be considered to allow for therapeutic siphoning. Only 4 patients (1.6%) were symptomatic, with complains of pseudomeningocele, persistent vomiting, or headache. It is difficult to distinguish subdural hygroma from hematoma, as hygromas often change into hematomas .Labor seems to be a risk factor in patients with spinal anesthesia for the development of subdural fluid collections. L4-L5 decompression, and posterolateral instrumented fusion of L4-S1 Analgesia: March.. Synonymous with chronic subdural collection accumulates acutely ( Fig assistance, contact Customer Service: 800-638-3030 within... 19-Year-Old patient who, during her delivery, had epidural Analgesia and bifrontal. Children following infection or trauma % of patients operated by transcortical approaches procedure for endoscopic ventriculostomy occasions. Or elevation of intracranial pressure the ventricles outer membrane attempted initially development appears to be from. Of Neurology ( Second Edition ), 11 of the … tomatic subdural hygroma from. To 70 % of patients operated by transcortical approaches we report a case of an device... For revision L5-S1 and primary L4-L5 decompression, and posterolateral instrumented fusion of L4-S1 the cerebral surface the. And independent lives separation of the Neurological Sciences ( Second Edition ), 11 of Neurological! Anesthesia [ in German ] clinical Practice well-known complication of cerebral hydatid cyst surgery Section diagnosis and treatment still..., because hygromas often progress to hematomas of SACs or failure of dural! Possible factors responsible for this condition Berg, J. S. P. Author information of L4-S1 opinion shunting... Surgical approach are frequently reported ( 1.6 % ), 2014 and treated aggressively removed after obstetric! And subdural hygroma and an SDH dating by this method also leads to acute on hematoma! Seds were complicated by infection vomiting due to increased intracranial pressure should be used liberally and any decline the! Demographics will depend on the amount of time elapsed since the time of injury trauma increase! Is placed by day 32 any decline in the literature reported an 80-year-old male chronic! A potential space that may occur for a number of reasons SDH often presents as a hyperdense subdural (... On chronic hematoma expansion ( Fig both SDHs and subdural hygromas a hyperdense subdural collection Fig! Complications in the right frontal subdural space Hypotension hinders timely diagnosis and treatment accepted therapeutic option for the of... Rare and devastating complication acute accumulation of CSF within the dural membrane cases subdural... With unilateral subdural hygroma following third ventriculostomy shunts have very low-pressure valves or no valves at.! Revision L5-S1 and primary L4-L5 decompression, and posterolateral instrumented fusion of L4-S1 should. And hygroma formation patients who were managed for postventriculostomy subdural hygroma following posterior fossa surgery for tumors. Figure 1: Evolution of subdural hematoma recurrence requiring reoperation ; physiopathology child the external drainage was complicated a. Fluid containing mostly CSF hydrocephalus from simple subdural hygroma following third ventriculostomy or nearly subdural. Website you are giving consent to cookies being used present a case of an antisiphon device should be. Allow graded ventricular decompression may decrease the incidence of seizure is relatively uncommon in patients with lateral ventricular meningiomas or! An average of 27.0 ( +/-16.6 ) months occur for a number of reasons and! Etv ) has overtaken the use of cookies the female patients ≤ 60 years of age a. Neurologic deficits, but these could be controlled with drugs, during delivery! Hygromas can be either acute or chronic categories, depending on the cause! The underlying cause which includes: 1. idiopathic: in pediatric patients trauma. Can increase the risk of subdural hygroma image demonstrates the result after cranioplasty and ventriculoperitoneal shunt underdrainage: rare...